import collections
import datetime
import itertools
import typing as t
from typing import Any, Container, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Tuple, Union

import isodate

import rdflib.plugins.sparql
from rdflib.compat import Mapping, MutableMapping
from rdflib.graph import ConjunctiveGraph, Graph
from rdflib.namespace import NamespaceManager
from rdflib.plugins.sparql.parserutils import CompValue
from rdflib.term import BNode, Identifier, Literal, Node, URIRef, Variable


class SPARQLError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, msg: Optional[str] = None):
        Exception.__init__(self, msg)


class NotBoundError(SPARQLError):
    def __init__(self, msg: Optional[str] = None):
        SPARQLError.__init__(self, msg)


class AlreadyBound(SPARQLError):  # noqa: N818
    """Raised when trying to bind a variable that is already bound!"""

    def __init__(self):
        SPARQLError.__init__(self)


class SPARQLTypeError(SPARQLError):
    def __init__(self, msg: Optional[str]):
        SPARQLError.__init__(self, msg)


class Bindings(MutableMapping):

    """

    A single level of a stack of variable-value bindings.
    Each dict keeps a reference to the dict below it,
    any failed lookup is propegated back

    In python 3.3 this could be a collections.ChainMap
    """

    def __init__(self, outer: Optional["Bindings"] = None, d=[]):
        self._d: Dict[str, str] = dict(d)
        self.outer = outer

    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> str:
        if key in self._d:
            return self._d[key]

        if not self.outer:
            raise KeyError()
        return self.outer[key]

    def __contains__(self, key: Any) -> bool:
        try:
            self[key]
            return True
        except KeyError:
            return False

    def __setitem__(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
        self._d[key] = value

    def __delitem__(self, key: str) -> None:
        raise Exception("DelItem is not implemented!")

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        i = 0
        d: Optional[Bindings] = self
        while d is not None:
            i += len(d._d)
            d = d.outer
        return i

    def __iter__(self):
        d = self
        while d is not None:
            yield from d._d
            d = d.outer

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        # type error: Generator has incompatible item type "Tuple[Any, str]"; expected "str"
        return "Bindings({" + ", ".join((k, self[k]) for k in self) + "})"  # type: ignore[misc]

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return str(self)


class FrozenDict(Mapping):
    """
    An immutable hashable dict

    Taken from http://stackoverflow.com/a/2704866/81121

    """

    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any):
        self._d: Dict[Identifier, Identifier] = dict(*args, **kwargs)
        self._hash: Optional[int] = None

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self._d)

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        return len(self._d)

    def __getitem__(self, key: Identifier) -> Identifier:
        return self._d[key]

    def __hash__(self) -> int:
        # It would have been simpler and maybe more obvious to
        # use hash(tuple(sorted(self._d.items()))) from this discussion
        # so far, but this solution is O(n). I don't know what kind of
        # n we are going to run into, but sometimes it's hard to resist the
        # urge to optimize when it will gain improved algorithmic performance.
        if self._hash is None:
            self._hash = 0
            for key, value in self.items():
                self._hash ^= hash(key)
                self._hash ^= hash(value)
        return self._hash

    def project(self, vars: Container[Variable]) -> "FrozenDict":
        return FrozenDict((x for x in self.items() if x[0] in vars))

    def disjointDomain(self, other: t.Mapping[Identifier, Identifier]) -> bool:
        return not bool(set(self).intersection(other))

    def compatible(self, other: t.Mapping[Identifier, Identifier]) -> bool:
        for k in self:
            try:
                if self[k] != other[k]:
                    return False
            except KeyError:
                pass

        return True

    def merge(self, other: t.Mapping[Identifier, Identifier]) -> "FrozenDict":
        res = FrozenDict(itertools.chain(self.items(), other.items()))

        return res

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return str(self._d)

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return repr(self._d)


class FrozenBindings(FrozenDict):
    def __init__(self, ctx: "QueryContext", *args, **kwargs):
        FrozenDict.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
        self.ctx = ctx

    def __getitem__(self, key: Union[Identifier, str]) -> Identifier:

        if not isinstance(key, Node):
            key = Variable(key)

        if not isinstance(key, (BNode, Variable)):
            return key

        if key not in self._d:
            # type error: Value of type "Optional[Dict[Variable, Identifier]]" is not indexable
            # type error: Invalid index type "Union[BNode, Variable]" for "Optional[Dict[Variable, Identifier]]"; expected type "Variable"
            return self.ctx.initBindings[key]  # type: ignore[index]
        else:
            return self._d[key]

    def project(self, vars: Container[Variable]) -> "FrozenBindings":
        return FrozenBindings(self.ctx, (x for x in self.items() if x[0] in vars))

    def merge(self, other: t.Mapping[Identifier, Identifier]) -> "FrozenBindings":
        res = FrozenBindings(self.ctx, itertools.chain(self.items(), other.items()))
        return res

    @property
    def now(self) -> datetime.datetime:
        return self.ctx.now

    @property
    def bnodes(self) -> t.Mapping[Identifier, BNode]:
        return self.ctx.bnodes

    @property
    def prologue(self) -> Optional["Prologue"]:
        return self.ctx.prologue

    def forget(
        self, before: "QueryContext", _except: Optional[Container[Variable]] = None
    ):
        """
        return a frozen dict only of bindings made in self
        since before
        """
        if not _except:
            _except = []

        # bindings from initBindings are newer forgotten
        return FrozenBindings(
            self.ctx,
            (
                x
                for x in self.items()
                if (
                    x[0] in _except
                    # type error: Unsupported right operand type for in ("Optional[Dict[Variable, Identifier]]")
                    or x[0] in self.ctx.initBindings  # type: ignore[operator]
                    or before[x[0]] is None
                )
            ),
        )

    def remember(self, these):
        """
        return a frozen dict only of bindings in these
        """
        return FrozenBindings(self.ctx, (x for x in self.items() if x[0] in these))


class QueryContext(object):
    """
    Query context - passed along when evaluating the query
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        graph: Optional[Graph] = None,
        bindings: Optional[Union[Bindings, FrozenBindings, List[Any]]] = None,
        initBindings: Optional[Dict[Variable, Identifier]] = None,
    ):
        self.initBindings = initBindings
        self.bindings = Bindings(d=bindings or [])
        if initBindings:
            self.bindings.update(initBindings)

        self.graph: Optional[Graph]
        self._dataset: Optional[ConjunctiveGraph]
        if isinstance(graph, ConjunctiveGraph):
            self._dataset = graph
            if rdflib.plugins.sparql.SPARQL_DEFAULT_GRAPH_UNION:
                self.graph = self.dataset
            else:
                self.graph = self.dataset.default_context
        else:
            self._dataset = None
            self.graph = graph

        self.prologue: Optional[Prologue] = None
        self._now: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None

        self.bnodes: t.MutableMapping[Identifier, BNode] = collections.defaultdict(
            BNode
        )

    @property
    def now(self) -> datetime.datetime:
        if self._now is None:
            self._now = datetime.datetime.now(isodate.tzinfo.UTC)
        return self._now

    def clone(
        self, bindings: Optional[Union[FrozenBindings, Bindings, List[Any]]] = None
    ) -> "QueryContext":
        r = QueryContext(
            self._dataset if self._dataset is not None else self.graph,
            bindings or self.bindings,
            initBindings=self.initBindings,
        )
        r.prologue = self.prologue
        r.graph = self.graph
        r.bnodes = self.bnodes
        return r

    @property
    def dataset(self) -> ConjunctiveGraph:
        """ "current dataset"""
        if self._dataset is None:
            raise Exception(
                "You performed a query operation requiring "
                + "a dataset (i.e. ConjunctiveGraph), but "
                + "operating currently on a single graph."
            )
        return self._dataset

    def load(self, source: URIRef, default: bool = False, **kwargs):
        def _load(graph, source):
            try:
                return graph.parse(source, format="turtle", **kwargs)
            except Exception:
                pass
            try:
                return graph.parse(source, format="xml", **kwargs)
            except Exception:
                pass
            try:
                return graph.parse(source, format="n3", **kwargs)
            except Exception:
                pass
            try:
                return graph.parse(source, format="nt", **kwargs)
            except Exception:
                raise Exception(
                    "Could not load %s as either RDF/XML, N3 or NTriples" % source
                )

        if not rdflib.plugins.sparql.SPARQL_LOAD_GRAPHS:
            # we are not loading - if we already know the graph
            # being "loaded", just add it to the default-graph
            if default:
                # Unsupported left operand type for + ("None")
                self.graph += self.dataset.get_context(source)  # type: ignore[operator]
        else:

            if default:
                _load(self.graph, source)
            else:
                _load(self.dataset, source)

    def __getitem__(self, key) -> Any:
        # in SPARQL BNodes are just labels
        if not isinstance(key, (BNode, Variable)):
            return key
        try:
            return self.bindings[key]
        except KeyError:
            return None

    def get(self, key: Variable, default: Optional[Any] = None):
        try:
            return self[key]
        except KeyError:
            return default

    def solution(self, vars: Optional[Iterable[Variable]] = None) -> FrozenBindings:
        """
        Return a static copy of the current variable bindings as dict
        """
        if vars:
            return FrozenBindings(
                self, ((k, v) for k, v in self.bindings.items() if k in vars)
            )
        else:
            return FrozenBindings(self, self.bindings.items())

    def __setitem__(self, key: Identifier, value: Identifier) -> None:
        if key in self.bindings and self.bindings[key] != value:
            raise AlreadyBound()

        self.bindings[key] = value

    def pushGraph(self, graph: Optional[Graph]) -> "QueryContext":
        r = self.clone()
        r.graph = graph
        return r

    def push(self) -> "QueryContext":
        r = self.clone(Bindings(self.bindings))
        return r

    def clean(self) -> "QueryContext":
        return self.clone([])

    def thaw(self, frozenbindings: FrozenBindings) -> "QueryContext":
        """
        Create a new read/write query context from the given solution
        """
        c = self.clone(frozenbindings)

        return c


class Prologue:
    """
    A class for holding prefixing bindings and base URI information
    """

    def __init__(self):
        self.base: Optional[str] = None
        self.namespace_manager = NamespaceManager(Graph())  # ns man needs a store

    def resolvePName(self, prefix: Optional[str], localname: Optional[str]) -> URIRef:
        ns = self.namespace_manager.store.namespace(prefix or "")
        if ns is None:
            raise Exception("Unknown namespace prefix : %s" % prefix)
        return URIRef(ns + (localname or ""))

    def bind(self, prefix: Optional[str], uri: Any) -> None:
        self.namespace_manager.bind(prefix, uri, replace=True)

    def absolutize(
        self, iri: Optional[Union[CompValue, str]]
    ) -> Optional[Union[CompValue, str]]:
        """
        Apply BASE / PREFIXes to URIs
        (and to datatypes in Literals)

        TODO: Move resolving URIs to pre-processing
        """

        if isinstance(iri, CompValue):
            if iri.name == "pname":
                return self.resolvePName(iri.prefix, iri.localname)
            if iri.name == "literal":
                # type error: Argument "datatype" to "Literal" has incompatible type "Union[CompValue, Identifier, None]"; expected "Optional[str]"
                return Literal(
                    iri.string, lang=iri.lang, datatype=self.absolutize(iri.datatype)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
                )
        elif isinstance(iri, URIRef) and not ":" in iri:  # noqa: E713
            return URIRef(iri, base=self.base)

        return iri


class Query:
    """
    A parsed and translated query
    """

    def __init__(self, prologue: Prologue, algebra: CompValue):
        self.prologue = prologue
        self.algebra = algebra
        self._original_args: Tuple[str, Mapping[str, str], Optional[str]]


class Update:
    """
    A parsed and translated update
    """

    def __init__(self, prologue: Prologue, algebra: List[CompValue]):
        self.prologue = prologue
        self.algebra = algebra
        self._original_args: Tuple[str, Mapping[str, str], Optional[str]]
